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Evolution of Diesel Fuel Injection Systems - From Air Blast to Bosch Common Rail

10/1/2023

Evolution of Diesel Fuel Injection Systems - From Air Blast to Bosch Common Rail

The automotive world has witnessed remarkable innovations over the years. Among these, the diesel fuel injection system stands out, evolving to provide optimal performance for engines. Let's embark on a journey tracing its history and understanding its significance.

The Genesis: Rudolf Diesel's 'Air Blast' System
When the diesel engine first came into existence, the industry lacked a standardized fuel injection mechanism. Each manufacturer crafted their own, unique version. Rudolf Diesel's pioneering engines utilized an 'air blast' method. Here, compressed air played a dual role: it not only injected the fuel into the cylinder but also atomized it, ensuring an even mix with the cylinder's air.

The Advent of Inline Jerk-Type Pumps
The 'air blast' system was the standard for several years. It wasn't until inline jerk-type pumps came onto the scene that things began to shift. With these pumps, fuel metering happened at the injector, facilitated by a cam-driven linkage.

Vickers Ltd. Ushers in Common Rail Injection
Around 1914, Vickers Ltd. patented the first common rail injection systems. These found use in Atlas Imperial engines. The setup involved a multi-cylinder pump that supplied fuel at pressures between 300 – 400 bar to an accumulator. Each injector drew from this accumulator. For controlling the fuel injection, wedges were strategically positioned between the cam followers and push rods. By 1920, Vickers furthered their innovation with an electrically operated injection valve.

The Cooper Bessemer Modification
Cooper Bessemer brought a significant change to the common rail system. They introduced a rotary valve that impeccably timed and metered fuel distribution to different cylinders. This innovation paved the way for the industry's first rotary distribution pump.

Modern Fuel Injection Systems
Today, we see the likes of the inline Type Fuel Injection Pump, Rotary Type Fuel Injection Pump, and the Bosch innovations like the Unit pump system, unit injector system, and the Bosch Common Rail system with solenoid injectors.

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